How to check the integrity of a Microsoft SQL Server database ( ONLY)

Answer

The SQL command DBCC CHECKDB can be used to check the logical and physical integrity of a Microsoft SQL Server database.

The following page describes this command: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms176064.aspx
The SQL command DBCC CHECKTABLE can be used to check in more detail on table level.

Below is an example query to check all tables of a GFI Archiver 2015 database named "2015 Jan":

USE "2015 Jan"
GO
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_add") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_att") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_bodies") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_cal_event") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_delete") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_delete_owners") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_folders") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_hash") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_keys") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_new_owners") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_owners") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_retention") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_sources") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_tags") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_tags_msg") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_tags_msg_deleted") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_tags_msg_updates") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_threads") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_tx") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("arc_users") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS
DBCC CHECKTABLE ("gfi_marc_dle_db_version") WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS

The following page describes this command: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms174338.aspx

Please refer to Microsoft for further information and best practices on how to handle database corruption.